The History of Automobile Names

The automobile has gone by several names in the past and still continues to as variations of motor vehicles have been spun off. For example, there is the common car term, but word automobile is often used as well. Then theres truck, jeep, station wagon, bus, van, minivan and hatchback among others. However, it all began with a battle of semantics that pre-dated the word automobile, which was coined at the turn of the 20th century. So what other names for motor vehicles have famous inventors used prior to automobile? One good way to find out is to look at the names that were used in their patent applications. Heres a brief rundown of various car names throughout history: American inventor, engineer and businessman Oliver Evans  applied for a U.S. patent in Philadelphia in 1792 for an invention he called oruktor amphiboles, which translates to â€Å"amphibious digger.† His vehicle was designed to be a steam-powered car that rolled out of his shop in 1804. Initially created for the Philadelphia Board of Health for the purpose of dredging and cleaning docks, the vehicle was capable of moving on both water and land.George Selden, a patent attorney from Rochester, New York, received a patent for something he called a road machine in 1879. Due to existing laws at the time, the patent was pre-dated to 1877. Selden expanded its claims over the years. And by 1895, he had a patent for a three-cylinder motor vehicle. While he never actually produced a car, the patent allowed him to collect royalties from all American car manufacturers. Companies paid Seldens holding company, the Association of Licensed Automotive Manufacturers, for the patent licensing rights to build cars.The fact that Selden hadn’t actually followed through with his idea made the patent questionable to some manufacturers. Henry Ford,  industrialist and founder of the Ford Motor Company, was one of those who took issue with Seldon’s licensing fees and refused to pay it. Selden took Ford to court in 1904, but the judge ordered an automobile built according to the Selden patent. It was an utter failure and Selden’s patent was overturned in 1911. Selden could no longer collect royalties and car manufacturers were free to build their vehicles at lower cost without this added expense.  The  Duryea brothers  patented their motor wagon in 1895. They were bicycle makers who became fascinated with the concept of automobiles and gasoline engines.   "The new mechanical wagon with the awful name automobile has come to stay..."New York Times (1897 article) The New York Times mention of the name â€Å"automobile† was the first public use of the term by the media and eventually helped to popularize the name for motor vehicles. Credit for the name actually goes to a 14th century Italian painter and engineer named Martini. While he never built an automobile, he did draw up plans for a man-powered carriage with four wheels. He came up with the name automobile by combining the Greek word auto -- meaning self -- and the Latin word, mobils, which means moving. Put them together and youve got a self-moving vehicle that doesnt need horses to pull it. Other Names for Motor Vehicles Over the Years Of course, the other popular name for an automobile is the car is thought to be derived from Latin word carrus or carrum, which means wheeled vehicle. It can also be a variation of the Middle English term carre, meaning cart. Other possibilities include the Gaulish word karros (a Gallic chariot) or the Brythoic word Karr. These terms originally referred to wheeled horse-drawn vehicles such as a cart, carriage or wagon. Motor car is the standard formal name for cars in British English. There were other early media references to motor vehicles and these included names such as autobaine, autokenetic, autometon, automotor horse, buggyaut, diamote, horseless carriage, mocole, motor carriage, motorig, motor-vique and the oleo locomotive. The word truck may have come from truckle, which means small wheel or pulley. Its derived from the Middle English word trokell from the Latin word trochlea. It may have also come from the the Latin word trochus. The first known usage of truck was in 1611, used in reference to the wheels on ships cannon carriages. The word bus is a shortened version of the Latin word omnibus and van is short for the original word caravan.

Cosmic Rays - Where Do They Come From

Cosmic rays sound like some kind of science-fiction menace from outer space. It turns out, that in high-enough amounts, they are. On the other hand, cosmic rays pass through us every day without doing much (if any harm). So, what are these mysterious pieces of cosmic energy? Defining Cosmic Rays The term cosmic ray refers to high-speed particles that travel the universe. Theyre everywhere. Chances are very good that cosmic rays have passed through everyones body at some time or another, particularly if they live at high altitude or have flown in an airplane. Earth is well-protected against all but the most energetic of these rays, so they dont really pose a danger to us in our everyday lives. Cosmic rays provide fascinating clues to objects and events elsewhere in the universe, such as the deaths of massive stars (called  supernova explosions) and activity on the Sun, so astronomers study them using high-altitude balloons and space-based instruments. That research is providing exciting new insight into the origins and evolution of stars and galaxies in the universe.   Cosmic rays come from supernova explosions, among other processes in the universe. This is a Combined infrared and x-ray images of a supernova remnant called W44. Several telescopes looked at it to get the image. When the star that created this scene exploded, it sent out cosmic rays and other high-energy particles, as well as radio, infrared, x-ray, ultraviolet, and visible light. NASA/CXC and NASA/JPL-CalTech What Are Cosmic Rays? Cosmic rays are extremely high-energy charged particles (usually protons) that move at nearly the speed of light. Some come from the Sun (in the form of solar energetic particles), while others are ejected from supernova explosions and other energetic events in interstellar (and intergalactic) space.  When cosmic rays collide with Earths atmosphere, they produce showers of what are called secondary particles. History of Cosmic Ray Studies The existence of cosmic rays has been known for more than a century. They were first found by physicist Victor Hess. He launched high-accuracy electrometers aboard weather balloons in 1912 to measure the ionization rate of atoms (that is, how quickly and how often atoms are energized) in upper layers of Earths atmosphere. What he discovered was that the ionization rate was much greater the higher you rise in the atmosphere — a discovery for which he later won the Nobel Prize. This flew in the face of conventional wisdom. His first instinct on how to explain this was that some solar phenomenon was creating this effect. However, after repeating his experiments during a near solar eclipse he obtained the same results, effectively ruling out any solar origin for, Therefore, he concluded that there must be some intrinsic electric field in the atmosphere creating the observed ionization, though he could not deduce what the source of the field would be. It was more than a decade later before physicist Robert Millikan was able to prove that the electric field in the atmosphere observed by Hess was instead a flux of photons and electrons. He called this phenomenon cosmic rays and they streamed through our atmosphere. He also determined that these particles werent from Earth or the near-Earth environment, but rather came from deep space. The next challenge was to figure out what processes or objects could have been creating them.   Ongoing Studies of Cosmic Ray Properties Since that time, scientists have continued to use high-flying balloons to get above the atmosphere and sample more of these high-speed particles. The region above Antartica at the south pole is a favored launching spot, and a number of missions have collected more information about cosmic rays. There, the National Science Balloon Facility is home to several instrument-laden flights each year. The cosmic ray counters they carry measure the energy of cosmic rays, as well as their directions and intensities. A long-duration balloon flight from Antarctica can be used to detect cosmic rays. NASA The  International Space Station also contains instruments that study the properties of cosmic rays, including the Cosmic Ray Energetics and Mass (CREAM) experiment. Installed in 2017, it has a three-year mission to collect as much data as possible on these fast-moving particles. CREAM actually began as a balloon experiment, and it flew seven times between 2004 and 2016. Figuring out the Sources of Cosmic Rays Because cosmic rays are composed of charged particles their paths can be altered by any magnetic field that it comes into contact with. Naturally, objects like stars and planets have magnetic fields, but interstellar magnetic fields also exist. This makes predicting where (and how strong) magnetic fields are extremely difficult. And since these magnetic fields persist throughout all space, they appear in every direction. Therefore it is not surprising that from our vantage point here on Earth it appears that cosmic rays do not appear to arrive from any one point in space. Determining the source of cosmic rays proved difficult for many years. However, there are some assumptions that can be assumed. First of all, the nature of cosmic rays as extremely high-energy charged particles implied that they are produced by rather powerful activities. So events like supernovae or regions around black holes seemed to be likely candidates. The Sun  emits something similar to cosmic rays in the form of highly energetic particles. The Sun emits streams of energized particles and cosmic rays. SOHO/Extreme Ultraviolet Imaging Telescope (EIT) consortium In 1949 physicist Enrico Fermi suggested that cosmic rays were simply particles accelerated by magnetic fields in interstellar gas clouds. And, since you need a rather large field to create the highest-energy cosmic rays, scientists began looking at supernova remnants (and other large objects in space) as the likely source.   Cosmic rays could stream from highly energetic events in the distant universe, such as activities associated with quasars. An artistic look at what an early distant quasar might look like. ESO/M. Kornmesser In June 2008 NASA launched a  gamma-ray telescope known as Fermi — named for Enrico Fermi. While Fermi is a gamma-ray telescope, one of its main science goals was to determine the origins of cosmic rays. Coupled with other studies of cosmic rays by balloons and space-based instruments, astronomers now look to supernova remnants, and such exotic objects as supermassive black holes as sources for the most highly energetic cosmic rays detected here on Earth. Fast Facts Cosmic rays come from around the universe and can be generated by such events as supernova explosions.High-speed particles are also generated in other energetic events such as quasar activities.The Sun also sends out cosmic rays in the form or solar energetic particles. Cosmic rays can be detected on Earth in various ways. Some museums have cosmic ray detectors as exhibits. Sources â€Å"Cosmic Rays Exposure.†Ã‚  Radioactivity : Iodine 131, www.radioactivity.eu.com/site/pages/Dose_Cosmic.htm.NASA, NASA, imagine.gsfc.nasa.gov/science/toolbox/cosmic_rays1.html.RSS, www.ep.ph.bham.ac.uk/general/outreach/SparkChamber/text2h.html. Edited and updated by Carolyn Collins Petersen.

Who Else Is Lying to Us About Paine Rights of Man Essay Topics?

Who Else Is Lying to Us About Paine Rights of Man Essay Topics? But What About Paine Rights of Man Essay Topics? If you'd prefer a personalized essay that's written expertly and that could make it possible for you to find amazing marks, I will be in a position to aid you to. The most important idea of your entire essay is going to be your thesis statement. It may sound obvious, but it's essential that you comprehend particularly what it to be asked of you as you don't receive any marks for answering the incorrect demande, even if it's the best essay within the whole world. Last word of advice is to ask your teacher before the last decision about this issue selection for argumentative essays. The Paine Rights of Man Essay Topics Game Persuasive or argumentative essays are intended to convince the audience of someone's viewpoint about a specific topic. Instead, writers ought to consider the folks who will read the essay and quit considering how so many people are reading the essay that's barely readable (quantification a part of the issue but that's for another essay). You're writing a lead because you believe you need one. What to Expect From Paine Rights of Man Essay Topics? There's a difference between advocating, for instance, and patronizing. In making this kind of argument, it's my intention to invoke no such onslaught of indecency towards any specific individual as is so typical in the present political atmosphere. Some are motivated by violence. Our minds try to find a level of stability or balance in all elements of life. Government for the interest of government isn't right and contributes to unfair burdens on the folks. The second portion of Rights of Man discusses the way the government ought to be set up. There's poverty in the usa and the rich are extremely privileged. Paine states that government's sole goal is to protect life, liberty and property, and that a government ought to be judged only on the basis of the point to wh ich it accomplishes this objective. It's a negative part of any society it can be located in. Therefore, monastic life isn't needed. Paine explains that hereditary monarchy isn't the suitable method to govern. Paine also asserts that in the event the colonies remain attached to Britain, the very same troubles that have arisen previously will arise later on. Facts, Fiction and Paine Rights of Man Essay Topics Having selected a great topic to argue about, at this point you will need to make an argumentative essay outline. Following are different kinds of essay topics for students that are categorized in many sections so you can easily chose the topic depending on your need and requirement. Choosing only the suitable reflective essay topic can be challenging, but here are some guidelines to assist you in that practice. Don't compose the conclusion paragraph. But What About Paine Rights of Man Essay Topics? It's different from having to finish the paper yourself. Because therefore a lot of us are intimately acqua inted with that which we offer, it might be rough to move right right back and discover out exactly just what components of our offering are of fantastic interest to leads. By the conclusion of that calendar year, 150,000 copies a great amount for its time was printed and sold. You are likely to be somebody that's leveraging's time as a way to do more important things. Paine Rights of Man Essay Topics Features Folks spend years in relationships attempting to entice commitment. Women were encouraged to pursue careers rather than marriage, developing a circumstance where now many women wait till they are older and not as fertile to attempt to obtain a partner. Women generally speaking want a male partner which has an equal or greater income than themselves. Up in Arms About Paine Rights of Man Essay Topics? An inquiry into the essence of the American government's corruption is essential in order to totally understand the argument ahead. The British system pretends to offer y ou a fair system of checks and balances, but in reality, it doesn't. Same question because of his reaction to the United States. Choosing Paine Rights of Man Essay Topics Communication essays also have using media. Instead, you can buy copies of various sorts through Library of Congress Duplication Services. Weaving Thoughts is prepared to employ you 365 times annually! Societies can change very fast.

Bullied - a Film Response free essay sample

Response to the film Bullied Starting in seventh grade Jamie Nabozny was bullied almost daily. He was hit punched, kicked, and called names. He told the principle who said he would get help, but nothing changed. By the end of seventh grade Jamie tried to commit suicide by swallowing pills. Jamie returned to middle school for eighth grade and was cornered in the bathroom on the first day back. His mother immediately demanded a meeting with the bullies and their mothers to try to settle the bullying. The principle blamed Jamie for being openly gay and said boys will be boys. None of the bullies were punished. Just weeks into high school and nothing had changed for Jamie. A bully peed on him. The school administration was largely ineffective. Some teachers tried to help; one teacher let Jamie eat lunch in her classroom. The bullying got so bad Jamie ran away to Minneapolis. We will write a custom essay sample on Bullied a Film Response or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Jamie ended up in a youth shelter. He tried homeschooling for a while but his parents could not afford to keep him on it and Jamie had to go back to school. While back at school a beating turned so bad that Jamie ended up in the hospital, had surgery, and stayed for five days. Jamie ran away to Minneapolis again, at the youth shelter he met with a legal advocate who encouraged him to file charges. He also issued an ultimatum to his parents; either you let me go to school here or you will not see me until I turn 18. They let him finish his schooling in the cities. Jamie registered at Hastings high school and the counselor recommended Inver Hills Community College for PSEO classes. He was attending Inver Hills while the court case was going on. He sued his former school, but a trial court dismissed his lawsuit. Lambda Legal took over his case before a federal appeals court, which issued the first judicial opinion in the nation’s history finding that a public school could be held accountable for not stopping antigay abuse. The case went back to trial and a jury found the school officials liable for the harm they caused to Nabozny. The case then settled for $900,000. Jamie decided to fight to help prevent other students from going through what he went through. One of Jamie’s main bullies was Roy Grande, who testified truthfully at his trial. Roy’s mother was diagnosed with cancer right before the trial. Roy’s mother was a witness for the defense, but because she was only given six months to live she made her son give a fully truthful testimony. Jamie said the physical pain is long gone but the verbal pain stays and continues to bother him. While attending Inver Hills Jamie sought a counselor and was diagnosed with PTSD from the bullying. This is very important to learn about Jamie’s case now because of the constitutional amendment for gay marriage on the ballot this year. The bullying in the schools will go up this year.